Ma PVC Stabilizers Othandizira Mawaya Odalirika ndi Zingwe mu Machitidwe Amagetsi

Pankhani ya zomangamanga zamagetsi, Cable PVC imadziwika kwambiri ngati chinthu chomwe chimakonda kwambiri popangira zinthu zoteteza kutentha ndi kuphimba. Kutchuka kwake kumachokera ku zabwino zambiri zomwe zimapezeka, kuphatikizapo mphamvu zabwino kwambiri zotetezera kutentha kwa magetsi, kuletsa moto, kukana mankhwala, komanso kugwiritsa ntchito bwino ndalama. Komabe, polima wosinthasinthayu ali ndi vuto lalikulu: amatha kuwonongeka ndi kutentha akakumana ndi kutentha kwakukulu kwa extrusion processing (nthawi zambiri kuyambira 170–180 °C) komanso kupsinjika kwa nthawi yayitali pantchito.

Apa ndi pameneZokhazikika za PVCchifukwa chaMawaya ndi ZingweLowani ngati zigawo zofunika. Zowonjezera izi zimakwaniritsa zolinga ziwiri: sizimangoletsa kutulutsidwa kwa hydrogen chloride (HCl) panthawi yokonza komanso zimateteza Cable PVC ku ukalamba, kuwala kwa dzuwa, ndi kuwonongeka kwa chilengedwe. Pochita izi, zimaonetsetsa kuti zingwe zamagetsi, zomwe ndi njira zopezera mphamvu m'nyumba zogona, mafakitale, ndi mapulojekiti a mphamvu zongowonjezwdwanso, zimakhala zodalirika komanso zokhalitsa.

Kusintha kwa Zokhazikika za PVC Zoyendetsedwa ndi Malamulo a Zachilengedwe

Kufunika kwa zolimbitsa PVC mu zingwe zamagetsi sikungoteteza kutentha kokha. Pakugwiritsa ntchito magetsi, ngakhale kuwonongeka pang'ono kwa Cable PVC kumatha kukhala ndi zotsatirapo zoopsa, monga kuwonongeka kwa insulation, ma short circuits, kapena zoopsa zamoto. Pamene malamulo apadziko lonse lapansi okhudza chilengedwe akuchulukirachulukira, mawonekedwe aZokhazikika za PVC za Mawaya ndi ZingweMakampaniwa akusiya kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala achilengedwe ophera poizoni kupita ku njira zina zotetezera chilengedwe zomwe zimagwirizana bwino ndi magwiridwe antchito, chitetezo, ndi kutsatira malamulo.

Makonzedwe ofunikira a malamulo akhala othandiza kwambiri pakusinthaku. Malamulo a REACH a European Union, Ndondomeko ya Zaka Zisanu ya 14 ya China ya Makampani Okonza Mapulasitiki, ndi miyezo ya chigawo monga AS/NZS 3,808 zonse zafulumizitsa kuchotsedwa kwa zinthu zokhazikika zochokera ku lead ndi cadmium. Izi zakakamiza opanga kuti azigwiritsa ntchito ndalama ndikugwiritsa ntchito njira zokhazikika komanso zobiriwira.

Mitundu Yokhazikika ndi Yoyambira ya PVC Stabilizer

•Zokhazikika za Calcium-Zinc (Ca/Zn)

Zokhazikika za Calcium-zinc (Ca/Zn)Zakhala ngati njira yodziwika bwino yosamalira chilengedwe pa ntchito za Cable PVC, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale 42% ya mphamvu zopangira padziko lonse lapansi mu 2025. Kulandiridwa kwawo kwakukulu kumachitika chifukwa cha kusawononga, kutsatira miyezo yokhudzana ndi chakudya ndi chitetezo chamagetsi, komanso njira yapadera yogwirira ntchito limodzi.

Sopo wa zinkiAmaletsa kusintha kwa mtundu poyamba pochita zinthu ndi allyl chloride pa unyolo wa PVC, pomwe sopo wa calcium amayamwa zinthu zina za zinc chloride kuti apewe kutulutsa kwa HCl. Kugwirizana kumeneku kumakulitsidwanso ndi zinthu zokhazikika monga polyols ndi β-diketones, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti kutentha kwawo kukhale kofanana ndi kwa mchere wachikhalidwe wa lead.

Komabe, machitidwe a Ca/Zn ali ndi zovuta. Amafunika mlingo wowirikiza kawiri kuposa mlingo wa mchere wa lead ndipo amatha kuphuka—chilema cha pamwamba chomwe chingasokoneze magwiridwe antchito a Cable PVC. Mwamwayi, kupita patsogolo kwaposachedwa pakusinthira kwa nano, pogwiritsa ntchito zinthu monga graphene ndi nano-silica, kwachepetsa mavutowa. Zatsopanozi zawonjezera kukhazikika kwa kutentha kwaZokhazikika za Ca/Znmpaka 90% ya mchere wa lead komanso kukana kuwonongeka kwa zinthu kumawonjezeka mpaka katatu.

•Zolimbitsa Thupi za Organotin

Zolimbitsa thupi za Organotin zimakhala ndi gawo lofunika kwambiri pakugwiritsa ntchito ma Cable PVC omwe amafunidwa kwambiri, makamaka komwe kumafunika kuwonekera bwino komanso kukana kutentha kwambiri. Zinthu monga dioctyl tin maleate ndi tin mercaptoacetate zimathandiza kwambiri m'malo mwa maatomu osakhazikika a chlorine mu unyolo wa PVC kudzera mu mgwirizano wa maatomu a sulfure, zomwe zimathandiza kuletsa mapangidwe a ma polyenes omwe amayambitsa kusintha kwa mtundu.

Kugwirizana kwawo bwino ndi Cable PVC kumapereka kumveka bwino kwambiri, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zoyenera kugwiritsa ntchito zingwe zachipatala, kutchinjiriza kowonekera bwino, komanso zida zamagetsi zolondola kwambiri. Zovomerezedwa ndi US FDA kuti zigwiritsidwe ntchito pokhudzana ndi chakudya komanso zogwirizana ndi miyezo yokhwima ya EU, zokhazikika za organotin zimapereka kuthekera kosinthika kosayerekezeka ngakhale pakakhala zovuta.

Komabe, phindu lalikulu ndi mtengo ndi mafuta. Zolimbitsa thupi za Organotin ndizokwera mtengo katatu mpaka kasanu kuposa makina a Ca/Zn, ndipo mafuta ake osakwanira amafunika kusakaniza ndi sopo wachitsulo kuti ntchito yotulutsa igwire bwino ntchito.

•Zokhazikika za Dziko Lachilendo

Zokhazikika za nthaka zosafunikira, zomwe ndi zatsopano zotsogozedwa ndi China, zasintha kwambiri msika wa Cable PVC wapakatikati mpaka wapamwamba. Kutengera lanthanum stearate ndi cerium citrate, zokhazikikazi zimagwiritsa ntchito ma orbital opanda kanthu a zinthu zachilengedwe zosafunikira kuti zigwirizane ndi maatomu a chlorine mu unyolo wa PVC, kuletsa kutulutsidwa kwa HCl ndikusunga ma free radicals.

Akagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi Ca/Zn systems kapena epoxidized soybean oil, kutentha kwawo kumawonjezeka ndi 30%, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti sopo wachitsulo wachikhalidwe ukhale wokwera mtengo kuposa sopo wachitsulo wamba womwe umagwiritsidwa ntchito kwa nthawi yayitali. Ngakhale kuti ndi okwera mtengo ndi 15–20% kuposa Ca/Zn stabilizers, amachotsa zoopsa za kuipitsidwa kwa sulfure ndikugwirizana ndi zolinga za carbon neutral. Izi zimapangitsa kuti zikhale chisankho chabwino kwambiri cha zingwe zamagetsi zongowonjezwdwanso (monga photovoltaic ndi wind power) ndi mawaya a magalimoto.

Chifukwa cha kulamulira kwa China pazinthu zachilengedwe zosakhala zachilengedwe komanso ndalama zomwe zikupitilira mu kafukufuku ndi chitukuko, zinthu zokhazikika zachilengedwe zosakhala zachilengedwe zikuyembekezeka kutenga 12% ya msika wapadziko lonse wa PVC Stabilizers wa mawaya ndi zingwe pofika chaka cha 2025.

Kuyerekeza kwa Magwiridwe Abwino a Zokhazikika za PVC

Kugwira ntchito kwa PVC Stabilizers za Mawaya ndi Zingwe kumakhudza mwachindunji luso la Cable PVC, monga momwe zafotokozedwera ndi miyezo yapadziko lonse lapansi monga AS/NZS 3808 ndi IEC 60811. Tebulo lotsatirali likuyerekeza miyezo yofunika kwambiri ya magwiridwe antchito amitundu yodziwika bwino ya stabilizer mu Cable PVC insulation ndi sheathing applications, zomwe zikupereka chitsanzo chabwino kwa opanga:

Kutsatira Malamulo a PVC Stabilizers

Kupatula kugwira ntchito bwino, kutsatira malamulo osintha chilengedwe ndi chinthu chofunikira kwambiri kwa opanga PVC Stabilizers a Waya ndi Zingwe. Kusintha kwa REACH kwa 2025 (EU 2025/1731) kunawonjezera zinthu 16 CMR (Carcinogenic, Mutagenic, Reprotoxic) pamndandanda wake woletsa, kuphatikiza dibutyltin oxide—yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri mu Cable PVC stabilizers—ndi malire a kuchuluka kwa 0.3%.

Izi zakakamiza opanga kuganiziranso za mankhwala awo. Zinthu zolimba za Ca/Zn ndi zakumwa zopanda phenol zomwe sizimatulutsa mpweya wambiri zikuchulukirachulukira m'misika yaku Europe kuti zikwaniritse zofunikira za VOC ndi mpweya wabwino. Kwa ogulitsa kunja, makamaka ochokera ku China, kugwiritsa ntchito njira zitatu zowongolera za "REACH+RoHS+Eco-Design" kwakhala kofunikira. Izi zimafuna kutsata njira zoperekera zinthu kuchokera kumapeto mpaka kumapeto komanso kuyesa kwa anthu ena kuti zitsimikizire kuti Cable PVC ikutsatira malamulo.

Pansipa pali njira zothetsera mavuto omwe anthu ambiri amakumana nawo pogwiritsa ntchito zinthu zokhazikika za PVC, zomwe zimathandiza kulimbitsa kukhazikika ndi kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa mawaya ndi zingwe.

Q1: Pakupanga mawaya ndi zingwe zomangira zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi zambiri (gulu lofunika kwambiri pamakina amagetsi), mavuto otukula nthawi zambiri amapezeka ndi zinthu zokhazikika za Ca/Zn. Kodi vutoli lingathetsedwe bwanji kuti zinthu ziyende bwino?

A1: Kuphuka kwa zolimbitsa thupi za Ca/Zn kumawononga ubwino wa pamwamba ndi kudalirika kwa nthawi yayitali kwa mawaya omangira ndi zingwe. Izi zimachitika makamaka chifukwa cha mlingo wosayenera kapena kusagwirizana bwino ndi zowonjezera zina. Kuti muthane ndi izi ndikuteteza magwiridwe antchito okhazikika a zingwe zamagetsi, njira zotsatirazi zitha kuchitidwa: Choyamba, konzani mlingo wolimbitsa. Kutengera njira yeniyeni yopangira, chepetsani mlingo woyenera mkati mwa mulingo woyenera wolimbitsa (pewani kupitirira kawiri mlingo wa mchere wa lead) kuti mupewe kuchuluka ndi kusamuka kwa zigawo. Chachiwiri, sankhani zolimbitsa thupi za Ca/Zn zomwe zasinthidwa ndi nano-modified. Zogulitsa zomwe zasinthidwa ndi graphene kapena nano-silica zimatha kusintha kwambiri kuyanjana ndi ma PVC matrices, kuchepetsa kusamuka kwa pamwamba kwa zigawo zolimbitsa thupi, ndikuwonjezera kudalirika kwa zingwe. Chachitatu, sinthani chiŵerengero cha co-stabilizer. Onjezerani bwino ma polyols kapena β-diketones kuti mulimbikitse mphamvu yogwirizana ndi zolimbitsa thupi za Ca/Zn, kuletsa kusamuka kwa zigawo, ndikuwonjezera kukhazikika kwa kutentha. Pomaliza, wongolerani magawo opangira. Pewani kutentha kwambiri komwe kumatuluka (koyenera kukhala mkati mwa 170–180 °C) ndipo onetsetsani kuti zinthuzo zikusakanikirana mofanana kuti mupewe kusonkhana kwa zinthu zokhazikika, zomwe zingayambitse kuphuka ndikusokoneza magwiridwe antchito a chingwe.

Q2: Pa mawaya azachipatala olondola kwambiri komanso zingwe (zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito mumakina amagetsi azachipatala) zomwe zimafuna kuwonekera bwino, zolimbitsa thupi za organotin nthawi zambiri zimasankhidwa, koma mtengo wopangira ndi wokwera kwambiri. Kodi pali njira ina yotsika mtengo yomwe imasunga kudalirika?

A2: Zolimbitsa thupi za Organotin zimakondedwa pa mawaya azachipatala ndi zingwe zowonekera bwino chifukwa cha kuwonekera bwino kwawo komanso kukhazikika kwa kutentha, zomwe ndizofunikira kwambiri pa kudalirika kwa makina amagetsi azachipatala. Kuti muwongolere mtengo ndi magwiridwe antchito, njira zotsatirazi zotsika mtengo zitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito: Choyamba, gwiritsani ntchito njira yophatikizana. Pansi pa mfundo yotsimikizira kuwonekera bwino, kukhazikika kwa kutentha, komanso kuyanjana kwa bio (chinsinsi cha kugwiritsa ntchito magetsi azachipatala), sakanizani zolimbitsa thupi za organotin ndi zolimbitsa thupi zochepa za Ca/Zn zapamwamba pa chiŵerengero choyenera cha 7:3 kapena 8:2. Izi zimachepetsa ndalama zonse pamene mukusunga magwiridwe antchito ofunikira pa zingwe zamankhwala. Chachiwiri, sankhani zinthu za organotin zoyera kwambiri komanso zogwira ntchito bwino. Ngakhale mtengo wawo wa unit ndi wokwera pang'ono, mlingo wofunikira ndi wotsika, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale ndalama zambiri zotsika mtengo komanso magwiridwe antchito okhazikika a zingwe zamagetsi. Chachitatu, konzani bwino kayendetsedwe ka zinthu. Kambiranani ndi ogulitsa kuti mupeze kuchotsera kwakukulu, kapena gwirizanani ndi mabungwe a R&D kuti mupange zotengera za organotin zotsika mtengo zomwe zimakwaniritsa miyezo yamagetsi azachipatala. Ndikofunikira kwambiri kuchita mayeso okhwima a magwiridwe antchito (kuwonekera bwino, kukhazikika kwa kutentha, kuyanjana ndi zinthu zina) mukasintha kapena kusakaniza zokhazikika kuti zitsimikizire kuti zikutsatira zomwe zidafotokozedwa pa chingwe chachipatala ndikusunga kudalirika kwa makina amagetsi.

Q3: Popanga mawaya ndi zingwe zamagetsi zongowonjezwdwa (zamagetsi atsopano), kodi mungatsimikizire bwanji kuti zokhazikika za rare earth zosankhidwa zikukwaniritsa zofunikira zonse ziwiri za carbon neutral komanso kukhazikika kwa kutentha kwa nthawi yayitali kuti zithandizire kugwira ntchito modalirika?

A3: Mawaya ndi zingwe zobwezerezedwanso zimagwira ntchito m'malo ovuta (kutentha kwambiri, chinyezi, kuwala kwa ultraviolet), kotero zokhazikika za rare earth ziyenera kulinganiza kusalowerera kwa kaboni ndi kukhazikika kwa kutentha kwa nthawi yayitali kuti zitsimikizire kudalirika kwa makina amagetsi. Njira zotsatirazi zikulangizidwa: Choyamba, sankhani zokhazikika za rare earth zomwe zimateteza chilengedwe. Ikani patsogolo zinthu zochokera ku lanthanum stearate kapena cerium citrate kuchokera kwa opanga ovomerezeka omwe ali ndi ziphaso zoyenera zachilengedwe (monga, kutsatira miyezo ya EU yotulutsa mpweya wa kaboni). Onetsetsani kuti zinthuzo zilibe sulfure kuti mupewe kuipitsa sulfure ndikugwirizana ndi zolinga za kusalowerera kwa kaboni. Chachiwiri, gwiritsani ntchito njira yophatikizira ndi mafuta a soya osungunuka. Chiŵerengero cha composite cha 1:0.5–1:1 chingathandize kukhazikika kwa kutentha ndi kupitirira 30%, kukulitsa magwiridwe antchito achilengedwe, ndikuwonjezera moyo wa zingwe m'makina amagetsi a mphamvu zobwezerezedwanso. Chachitatu, chitani mayeso okhwima okalamba kwa nthawi yayitali. Yerekezerani malo enieni ogwirira ntchito a zingwe zobwezerezedwanso (kutentha kwambiri, chinyezi, kuwala kwa UV) kuti mutsimikizire kuti kuchuluka kwa mphamvu yogwira ntchito mukakalamba sikochepera 80%, kukwaniritsa miyezo yapadziko lonse lapansi monga IEC 60811. Pomaliza, gwiritsani ntchito kutsata kwa zinthu zopangira. Sankhani zinthu zokhazikika za rare earth zomwe zipangizo zake zimachokera kumakampani opanga migodi ndi kukonza zinthu zomwe siziwononga chilengedwe, kuonetsetsa kuti unyolo wonse wopereka zinthu ukutsatira zofunikira pa carbon neutrality komanso kusunga kudalirika kwa chingwe.

Q4: Mukatumiza mawaya ndi zingwe za PVC ku msika waku Europe, kodi mungatsimikizire bwanji kuti zokhazikika zomwe zagwiritsidwa ntchito zikutsatira lamulo la 2025 REACH (EU 2025/1731) ndikusunga kudalirika kwa ntchito zamagetsi?

A4: Kutsatira malamulo a REACH a 2025 ndikofunikira kwambiri potumiza mawaya ndi zingwe za PVC ku Europe, ndipo zikugwirizana mwachindunji ndi chitetezo ndi kudalirika kwa zingwe m'makina amagetsi aku Europe. Njira zotsatirazi ziyenera kutengedwa: Choyamba, fufuzani mokwanira ma formulations okhazikika. Onetsetsani kuti zomwe zili mu zinthu 16 zatsopano za CMR (monga dibutyltin oxide) sizipitirira 0.3%. Ndikofunikira kusankha zokhazikika zotsika za Ca/Zn kapena zokhazikika zamadzimadzi zopanda phenol zomwe zadutsa satifiketi ya REACH, zomwe zitha kuchepetsa bwino zoopsa zotsata malamulo. Chachiwiri, khazikitsani njira yonse yotsatirira unyolo woperekera. Funsani ogulitsa kuti apereke malipoti oyesa okhazikika (monga, kuzindikira zinthu za CMR za chipani chachitatu) ndi ziphaso zoyambira zinthu zopangira kuti muwonetsetse kuti ulalo uliwonse ukukwaniritsa zofunikira zamalamulo ndikuthandizira kudalirika kwa zingwe zamagetsi. Chachitatu, chitani mayeso otsatira malamulo musanatumize kunja. Tumizani zinthu zomalizidwa za chingwe ku mabungwe oyesera odziwika ndi EU kuti ayesere zinthu za CMR, kutulutsa kwa VOC, ndi zizindikiro zina zofunika, ndikuwonetsetsa kuti zikutsatira malamulo onse musanayambitse. Pomaliza, tsatirani zosintha zamalamulo. Yang'anirani nthawi yake kusintha kwa REACH ndi malamulo ena okhudzana nawo, ndikusintha njira zokhazikika komanso kasamalidwe ka unyolo woperekera zinthu mwachangu kuti mupewe zoopsa zowongolera ndikusunga kugwiritsa ntchito zingwe m'makina amagetsi aku Europe.