Kugwiritsa ntchito kwambiri PVC kumabwera ndi choletsa chachikulu: kufooka kwake kwachilengedwe pakuwonongeka pamene kukutenthedwa ndi kutentha ndi kupsinjika kwa makina panthawi yokonza.Zokhazikika za PVCDzazani mpata uwu ngati zowonjezera zofunika, kusunga kapangidwe ka polima ndi mphamvu zake zogwirira ntchito. Pakati pa mitundu yokhazikika yomwe ilipo, mitundu yamadzimadzi ndi ufa ndi yomwe ikutsogolera pamsika, iliyonse imapereka mawonekedwe osiyana, maubwino, ndi njira zabwino zogwiritsira ntchito.
Musanafufuze mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya zinthu zokhazikika zamadzimadzi ndi ufa, ndikofunikira kumvetsetsa zoyambira za kuwonongeka kwa PVC ndi kufunikira kosasinthika kwa kukhazikika. Kapangidwe ka mamolekyu a PVC kali ndi maatomu a chlorine omwe amamangiriridwa ku msana wa polymer, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti ukhale wosakhazikika. Ikakumana ndi kutentha—monga panthawi yotulutsa, kupanga jakisoni, kapena kuyika calendering—kudula kwa makina, kapena ngakhale kuwonetsedwa ndi dzuwa kwa nthawi yayitali, PVC imadutsa mu chain dehydrochlorination reaction. Njirayi imatulutsa mpweya wa hydrogen chloride, womwe umagwira ntchito ngati chothandizira kuti uwonjezere kuwonongeka, ndikupanga kuzungulira koopsa. Pamene kuwonongeka kukupita patsogolo, unyolo wa polymer umasweka, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti mtundu usinthe, kusweka, kutayika kwa mphamvu ya makina, ndipo pamapeto pake, kulephera kwa chinthu chomaliza. Kukhazikika kwa PVC kumagwira ntchito posokoneza kuzungulira kumeneku kwa kuwonongeka kudzera mu njira imodzi kapena zingapo: kuchotsa HCl kuti aletse kufulumira kwa catalytic, kusintha maatomu a chlorine ochulukirapo mu unyolo wa polymer kuti achepetse kuyambika kwa kuwonongeka, kuletsa okosijeni, kapena kuyamwa kuwala kwa UV kuti kugwiritsidwe ntchito panja. Zinthu zokhazikika za kutentha, zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri popanga PVC. Ngakhale kuti zokhazikika zamadzimadzi ndi ufa zimagwira ntchito ngatizolimbitsa kutentha, mawonekedwe awo enieni, kapangidwe kake, ndi makhalidwe awo ogwirira ntchito zimapangitsa kusiyana kwakukulu pa magwiridwe antchito ndi momwe angagwiritsidwire ntchito.
Kukhazikika kwa PVC kumagwira ntchito posokoneza kayendedwe ka kuwonongekaku kudzera mu njira imodzi kapena zingapo: kuchotsa HCl kuti aletse kufulumira kwa catalytic, kusintha maatomu a chlorine ochulukirapo mu unyolo wa polima kuti achepetse kuyambitsa kuwonongeka, kuletsa okosijeni, kapena kuyamwa kuwala kwa UV. Zokhazikika kutentha, zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri popanga PVC, ndizomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri popanga PVC. Zokhazikika zamadzimadzi ndi ufa zimagwira ntchito ngati zokhazikika kutentha, koma mawonekedwe awo enieni, kapangidwe kawo, ndi momwe amagwirira ntchito zimapangitsa kusiyana kwakukulu pakugwira ntchito ndi kugwiritsidwa ntchito.
Kusiyana Kwakukulu Pakati pa Zokhazikika za PVC za Madzi ndi Ufa
Zokhazikika za PVC zamadzimadzi ndi ufa zimasiyana kwambiri kuposa momwe zilili; kapangidwe kake, kugwirizana kwake ndi PVC ndi zowonjezera zina, zofunikira pakukonzekera, ndi zotsatira zake pa zinthu zomaliza zimasiyana kwambiri. Kuyambira ndi kapangidwe kake ndi kapangidwe ka mankhwala, zokhazikika za PVC za ufa nthawi zambiri zimakhala zokhazikika zochokera ku sopo wachitsulo—monga calcium stearate, zinc stearate, kapena barium stearate—mankhwala a organotin, kapena machitidwe osakanikirana achitsulo monga calcium-zinc kapena barium-zinc. Zitha kukhalanso ndi zodzaza kapena zonyamulira zopanda mphamvu kuti ziwonjezere kuyenda ndi kufalikira, ndi mawonekedwe olimba omwe amapezeka kudzera mu njira zowuma, kupukutira, kapena granulation, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti ufa kapena zinthu zopangidwa ndi granular ziziyenda bwino. Zokhazikika za PVC zamadzimadzi, mosiyana, ndi mapangidwe amadzimadzi omwe nthawi zambiri amachokera ku mankhwala a organotin (monga dioctyltin maleate), epoxy plasticizers, kapena sopo wachitsulo wamadzimadzi, nthawi zambiri zimakhala ndi zokhazikika ndi zomangira pulasitiki kuti ziwonjezere kugwirizana ndi magwiridwe antchito. Kapangidwe kawo kamadzimadzi kamathandizira kuphatikiza mosavuta zowonjezera zosungunuka mafuta, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zoyenera pakupanga zomwe zimafuna kusinthasintha kapena zotsatira zinazake za pulasitiki.
▼ Kapangidwe ndi Zachilengedwe Zamankhwala
Zokhazikika za PVC za ufaKawirikawiri ndi mankhwala olimba, omwe nthawi zambiri amachokera ku sopo wachitsulo (monga calcium stearate, zinc stearate, barium stearate), mankhwala a organotin, kapena makina osakaniza achitsulo (calcium-zinc, barium-zinc). Angakhalenso ndi zodzaza kapena zonyamulira zopanda mphamvu kuti ziwongolere kuyenda bwino komanso kufalikira. Mawonekedwe olimba amapezeka kudzera mu njira zowumitsa, kupukutira, kapena kupukutira, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti ufa kapena zinthu zopangidwa ndi granular ziziyenda bwino.
Zokhazikika za PVC zamadzimadziKumbali inayi, ndi mankhwala amadzimadzi, omwe nthawi zambiri amachokera ku mankhwala a organotin, ma epoxy plasticizers, kapena sopo wachitsulo wamadzimadzi. Nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi zinthu zokhazikika komanso zopanga pulasitiki kuti zigwirizane ndi magwiridwe antchito. Mtundu wamadzimadziwu umalola kuti zinthu zowonjezera zomwe zimasungunuka m'mafuta zikhale zosavuta kuziyika, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zoyenera kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala omwe amafuna kusinthasintha kapena zotsatira zinazake zopanga pulasitiki.
▼ Kugwirizana ndi Kufalikira
Kufalikira—kufalikira kofanana kwa chokhazikika mu PVC matrix yonse n'kofunika kwambiri kuti zinthu zikhazikike bwino, chifukwa kufalikira kosayenera kumabweretsa chitetezo chosafanana, kuwonongeka kwa malo, komanso zolakwika za zinthu. Pachifukwa ichi, zokhazikika zamadzimadzi zimapambana, makamaka mu mapangidwe osinthika a PVC (monga mafilimu a PVC, zingwe, mapayipi) okhala ndi zinthu zambiri zosungunuka. Popeza zimasakanikirana ndi mapulasitiki ambiri, zokhazikika zamadzimadzi zimasakanikirana bwino mu PVC compound panthawi yosakaniza, kuonetsetsa kuti zimaphimba bwino polymer matrix ndikuchotsa chiopsezo cha "malo otentha" - madera omwe alibe kukhazikika kokwanira - komwe kungachitike ndi kufalikira kofooka. Komabe, zokhazikika za ufa zimafuna kusakaniza mosamala kwambiri kuti zitheke kufalikira bwino, makamaka mu mapangidwe olimba a PVC (monga mapaipi, ma profiles a zenera) komwe milingo ya pulasitiki ndi yotsika kapena kusakhalapo. Tinthu tolimba tiyenera kugawidwa bwino kuti tipewe kusonkhana, komwe kungayambitse zolakwika pamwamba kapena kuchepetsa magwiridwe antchito okhazikika. Mwamwayi, kupita patsogolo kwa mapangidwe a ufa, monga ufa wosungunuka ndi zinthu zosungunuka, kwawongolera kuthekera kwawo kufalikira, kukulitsa kuthekera kwawo kugwira ntchito m'njira zambiri.
Zolimbitsa madzi zimapambana kwambiri pakufalikira, makamaka mu mapangidwe osinthasintha a PVC omwe ali ndi mapulasitiki ambiri. Popeza zolimbitsa madzi zimasakanikirana ndi mapulasitiki ambiri, zimasakanikirana bwino mu PVC posakaniza, kuonetsetsa kuti polymer matrix imaphimba bwino. Izi zimachotsa chiopsezo cha "malo otentha" omwe angachitike ndi kufalikira koyipa.
Mosiyana ndi zimenezi, zinthu zolimbitsa ufa zimafuna kusakaniza mosamala kwambiri kuti zitheke kufalikira bwino, makamaka m'mapangidwe olimba a PVC komwe milingo ya pulasitiki ndi yotsika kapena palibe. Tinthu tolimba tiyenera kugawidwa bwino kuti tipewe kusonkhana, zomwe zingayambitse zolakwika pamwamba kapena kuchepetsa mphamvu yokhazikika. Komabe, kupita patsogolo kwa kupanga ufa kwathandiza kuti zinthu zifalikire bwino, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zosavuta kugwiritsa ntchito pazinthu zambiri.
▼ Zofunikira pa Kukonza ndi Kuchita Bwino
Kapangidwe kake ka chokhazikika kamasinthanso mwachindunji magwiridwe antchito a makina, kuphatikizapo nthawi yosakaniza, kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu, komanso kutentha kwa makina. Zokhazikika zamadzimadzi zimachepetsa nthawi yosakaniza ndi ndalama zamagetsi pophatikiza mwachangu mu PVC compound, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale kufunikira kwa njira zina zowonongera tinthu tolimba. Zimathandizanso kuchepetsa kukhuthala kwa PVC, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zinthu zizitha kusungunuka bwino panthawi yotulutsa kapena kupanga. Zokhazikika za ufa, kumbali ina, zimafuna nthawi yayitali yosakaniza ndi mphamvu zambiri kuti zitsimikizire kuti zinthuzo zimafalikira bwino; nthawi zina, kusakaniza ndi zowonjezera zina zouma monga zodzaza kapena mafuta ndikofunikira kuti ziwongolere kuyenda bwino. Komabe, zokhazikika za ufa nthawi zambiri zimakhala ndi kukhazikika kwa kutentha kwambiri pa kutentha kwakukulu poyerekeza ndi madzi ena, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zoyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito pokonza kutentha kwambiri, monga kutulutsa PVC kolimba pa kutentha kopitilira 180°C.
Zokhazikika zamadzimadzi zimachepetsa nthawi yosakaniza ndi ndalama zogwiritsira ntchito mphamvu chifukwa zimalumikizana mwachangu ndi PVC. Zimathandizanso kuchepetsa kukhuthala kwa PVC, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zinthu zizitha kukonzedwa bwino panthawi yotulutsa kapena kupanga zinthu. Izi zimathandiza kwambiri pakupanga zinthu mwachangu komwe kugwira ntchito bwino ndikofunikira kwambiri.
Zolimbitsa ufa zimafuna nthawi yayitali yosakaniza ndi mphamvu zambiri zodula kuti zitsimikizire kuti zimafalikira bwino. Nthawi zina, kusakaniza ndi zowonjezera zina zouma (monga zodzaza, mafuta) ndikofunikira kuti ziwongolere kuyenda bwino. Komabe, zolimbitsa ufa nthawi zambiri zimakhala ndi kukhazikika kwa kutentha kwambiri pa kutentha kwakukulu poyerekeza ndi zina zamadzimadzi, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zoyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito zomwe zimafuna kukonza kutentha kwambiri.
▼ Katundu wa Zogulitsa Zomaliza
Kusankha pakati pa zolimbitsa madzi ndi ufa kumakhudzanso kwambiri mawonekedwe a chinthu chomaliza, kuphatikizapo mawonekedwe, magwiridwe antchito a makina, ndi kulimba. Zolimbitsa madzi zimakondedwa pazinthu zomwe zimafuna malo osalala komanso owala—monga mafilimu a PVC, mapepala okongoletsera, ndi mapaipi azachipatala—chifukwa kufalikira kwawo kwabwino kumachepetsa zolakwika pamwamba monga madontho kapena mizere. Kuphatikiza apo, zolimbitsa madzi zambiri zimakhala ndi zinthu zopangira pulasitiki zomwe zimathandizira pulasitiki yayikulu, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zinthu zosinthika za PVC zikhale zosinthasintha komanso zotalikirana. Zolimbitsa ufa, mosiyana, ndizoyenera kwambiri pazinthu zolimba za PVC komwe kuuma ndi kukana kukhudzidwa ndikofunikira, monga mapaipi, zolumikizira, ndi siding. Sizimathandizira kuti pulasitiki ipangidwe, motero zimasunga kapangidwe kolimba ka polima, ndipo nthawi zambiri zimapereka kukhazikika kwa kutentha kwa nthawi yayitali pazinthu zomaliza, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zoyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi yayitali pa kutentha kwakukulu, monga mapaipi amafakitale ndi malo otsekerera magetsi.
Zolimbitsa madzi zimakondedwa pa zinthu zomwe zimafuna malo osalala komanso owala (monga mafilimu a PVC, mapepala okongoletsera, mapaipi azachipatala) chifukwa kufalikira kwawo bwino kumachepetsa zolakwika pamwamba monga madontho kapena mizere. Zimathandizanso kuti zinthu zosinthika za PVC zisinthe komanso kutalikirana, chifukwa zinthu zambiri zolimbitsa madzi zimakhala ndi zinthu zopanga pulasitiki zomwe zimathandizira pulasitiki yayikulu.
Zolimbitsa ufa ndizoyenera kwambiri pazinthu zolimba za PVC komwe kulimba ndi kukana kugwedezeka ndikofunikira kwambiri (monga mapaipi, zolumikizira, siding). Sizimapangitsa kuti pulasitiki ipangidwe, kotero sizimawononga kapangidwe kolimba ka polima. Kuphatikiza apo, zolimbitsa ufa nthawi zambiri zimapereka kukhazikika kwa kutentha kwa nthawi yayitali pazinthu zomaliza, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zabwino kwambiri pazogwiritsidwa ntchito zomwe zimafuna nthawi yayitali yogwira ntchito kutentha kwambiri (monga mapaipi amafakitale, malo osungira magetsi).
▼ Zoganizira za Mtengo
Mtengo ndi chinthu china chofunikira kwambiri pakusankha zokhazikika, ndipo ndikofunikira kuganizira mtengo wonse wa umwini osati mtengo wa pa unit yokha. Zokhazikika zamadzimadzi nthawi zambiri zimakhala ndi mtengo wapamwamba pa unit kuposa zokhazikika za ufa, koma kufalikira kwawo bwino komanso kugwira ntchito bwino kumatha kuchepetsa ndalama zonse zopangira pochepetsa zinyalala ndikuchepetsa ndalama zamagetsi ndi antchito zokhudzana ndi kusakaniza. Mu ntchito zina, zimafunikanso mlingo wocheperako, zomwe zimachotsa mtengo wapamwamba pa unit. Zokhazikika za ufa, zomwe zimakhala ndi mtengo wotsika kwambiri, zimakopa kugwiritsa ntchito zinthu zomwe zimakhala ndi mtengo wotsika, koma nthawi yowonjezera yosakaniza, kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu, komanso kuthekera kwa zinyalala chifukwa cha kufalikira kochepa kumatha kuwonjezera ndalama zonse zopangira. Kuphatikiza apo, kufunikira kwa machitidwe osonkhanitsira fumbi ndi malo osungira apadera kungawonjezere ndalama zogwirira ntchito.
Zolimbitsa madzi nthawi zambiri zimakhala ndi mtengo wapamwamba pa unit kuposa zolimbitsa ufa. Komabe, kufalikira kwawo bwino komanso kugwira ntchito bwino kumatha kuchepetsa ndalama zonse zopangira mwa kuchepetsa zinyalala (zogulitsa zochepa zolakwika) ndikuchepetsa ndalama zamagetsi ndi antchito zokhudzana ndi kusakaniza. Zimafunikansonso kuchuluka kochepa mu ntchito zina, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti mtengo wokwera pa unit ukhale wotsika.
Zolimbitsa ufa zimakhala ndi mtengo wotsika, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zokopa kwambiri pakugwiritsa ntchito zinthu zomwe zimawononga ndalama zambiri. Komabe, nthawi yowonjezera yosakaniza, mphamvu, komanso kuthekera kotaya zinthu chifukwa cha kufalikira bwino kwa zinthuzi kungawonjezere ndalama zonse zopangira. Kuphatikiza apo, kufunikira kwa njira zosonkhanitsira fumbi ndi malo osungira zinthu apadera kungawonjezere ndalama zogwirira ntchito.
Kusankha Pakati pa Zokhazikika za PVC za Madzi ndi Ufa
Kusankha chokhazikika choyenera kugwiritsa ntchito kumafuna kuganizira zinthu zosiyanasiyana, kuyambira ndi kapangidwe kanu ka PVC—kaya kolimba kapena kosinthasintha. Pa PVC yosinthasintha (yokhala ndi pulasitiki yoposa 10%), zokhazikika zamadzimadzi nthawi zambiri zimakhala chisankho chabwino kwambiri chifukwa zimagwirizana ndi zokhazikika, zomwe zimatsimikizira kufalikira bwino, komanso kuthekera kwawo kukulitsa kusinthasintha ndi khalidwe la pamwamba; ntchito zodziwika bwino pano zimaphatikizapo mafilimu a PVC, zingwe, mapayipi, ma gasket, ndi machubu azachipatala. Pa PVC yolimba (yokhala ndi pulasitiki yochepera 5% kapena palibe), zokhazikika za ufa ndizoyenera, chifukwa sizimasokoneza kuuma ndipo zimapereka kukhazikika kwabwino kwa kutentha pa kutentha kwambiri, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zoyenera mapaipi, ma profiles a zenera, ma siding, ma fittings, ndi ma enclosures amagetsi.
Gawo 1: Fotokozani kapangidwe kanu ka PVC (kolimba poyerekeza ndi kosinthasintha)
Ichi ndiye chinthu chofunikira kwambiri. Pa PVC yosinthasintha, zokhazikika zamadzimadzi nthawi zambiri zimakhala chisankho chabwino kwambiri. Kugwirizana kwawo ndi mapulasitiki kumatsimikizira kufalikira bwino, ndipo kumawonjezera kusinthasintha ndi ubwino wa pamwamba. Ntchito zodziwika bwino zimaphatikizapo mafilimu a PVC, zingwe, mapayipi, ma gasket, ndi machubu azachipatala.
Pa PVC yolimba, zolimbitsa ufa zimakondedwa. Sizimawononga kuuma ndipo zimapereka kukhazikika kwa kutentha kwambiri kutentha kwambiri. Zogwiritsidwa ntchito zimaphatikizapo mapaipi, ma profiles a zenera, zipilala, zolumikizira, ndi zotchingira zamagetsi.
Gawo 2: Unikani Mikhalidwe Yogwirira Ntchito
Ganizirani kutentha kwanu ndi liwiro lanu:
Kukonza kutentha kwambiri(>180°C): Zolimbitsa ufa zimathandiza kuti kutentha kukhale kolimba kwambiri pa kutentha kwambiri, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zoyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito popanga PVC yolimba kapena kupanga jakisoni.
Kupanga mwachangu kwambiri: Zolimbitsa madzi zimachepetsa nthawi yosakaniza ndikuwongolera kukonzedwa, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zoyenera kugwiritsa ntchito mizere yothamanga.
Gawo 3: Ikani patsogolo Zofunikira pa Zogulitsa Zomaliza
Ngati kutha kosalala komanso kowala kuli kofunika kwambiri—mwachitsanzo, m'mapepala okongoletsera kapena zida zamankhwala—zolimbitsa madzi zimakhala zabwino kwambiri. Pa ntchito yamakina, zolimbitsa ufa zimakhala bwino pa zinthu zolimba zomwe zimafuna kulimba komanso kukana kugunda, pomwe zolimbitsa madzi zimakondedwa pa zinthu zosinthasintha zomwe zimafuna kutalika ndi kusinthasintha. Kuti zikhale zolimba kwa nthawi yayitali, makamaka pazinthu zomwe zimakhudzidwa ndi kutentha kwambiri kapena malo ovuta monga mapaipi a mafakitale kapena zitseko zakunja, zolimbitsa ufa zimapereka kukhazikika kwa kutentha kwa nthawi yayitali. Kutsatira malamulo achitetezo ndi chilengedwe sikungakambiranenso, chifukwa zofunikira zimasiyana malinga ndi dera ndi momwe zimagwiritsidwira ntchito. Pakugwiritsa ntchito chakudya kapena mankhwala, sankhani zolimbitsa thupi zopanda poizoni—monga zolimbitsa ufa wa calcium-zinc kapena zolimbitsa thupi zamadzimadzi za organotin—zomwe zimakwaniritsa miyezo monga FDA kapena EU 10/2011. Kuchokera ku malingaliro achilengedwe, pewani zolimbitsa thupi zoopsa monga ufa wokhala ndi lead kapena ma organotins ena amadzimadzi, omwe ali ochepa m'madera ambiri; zolimbitsa ufa wa calcium-zinc ndi njira ina yokhazikika.
Gawo 4: Tsatirani Malamulo a Chitetezo ndi Zachilengedwe
Zofunikira pa malamulo zimasiyana malinga ndi dera ndi momwe zimagwiritsidwira ntchito, choncho onetsetsani kuti chosankha chanu chokhazikika chikugwirizana ndi miyezo yakomweko:
Kulumikizana ndi chakudya kapena kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala: Yang'anani zokhazikika zopanda poizoni (monga zokhazikika za ufa wa calcium-zinc kapena zokhazikika zamadzimadzi za organotin) zomwe zimagwirizana ndi FDA, EU 10/2011, kapena miyezo ina yoyenera.
Kuganizira za chilengedwePewani zinthu zolimbitsa thupi zoopsa (monga ufa wochokera ku lead, zinthu zina zamadzimadzi zotchedwa organotins) zomwe zili zochepa m'madera ambiri. Zinthu zolimbitsa thupi zokhala ndi calcium-zinc powder ndi njira ina yokhazikika.
Gawo 5: Unikani Mtengo Wonse wa Umwini
Werengani nthawi yosakaniza, ndalama zamagetsi, ndi zinyalala za njira zonse zamadzimadzi ndi ufa, ndipo ganizirani za ndalama zosungira ndi kusamalira. Pakupanga zinthu zambiri, zokhazikika zamadzimadzi zingapereke ndalama zochepa ngakhale kuti mtengo wake ndi wapamwamba kwambiri, pomwe zokhazikika za ufa zingakhale zotsika mtengo kwambiri pa ntchito zochepa komanso zotsika mtengo. Kafukufuku wa zochitika zenizeni akuwonetsanso mfundo izi: pa mapaipi azachipatala a PVC osinthasintha, omwe amafunikira malo osalala, kuyanjana ndi zinthu zina, magwiridwe antchito okhazikika, komanso liwiro lokonza, chokhazikika cha organotin chamadzimadzi ndiye yankho, chifukwa chimasakanikirana bwino ndi mapulasitiki kuti chitsimikizire kukhazikika kofanana komanso malo opanda chilema, chikutsatira malamulo azachipatala monga FDA, ndipo chimalola kutulutsa mwachangu kuti kukwaniritse zosowa zopangira zambiri. Pa mapaipi olimba a PVC, omwe amafuna kuuma, kukana kukhudzidwa, kukhazikika kwa kutentha kwa nthawi yayitali, komanso kugwiritsa ntchito bwino ndalama, chokhazikika cha ufa wa calcium-zinc ndi chabwino, chifukwa chimasunga kuuma, chimapereka kukhazikika kwabwino kwa kutentha panthawi yotulutsa kutentha kwambiri, chimakhala chotsika mtengo popanga mapaipi akuluakulu, ndipo chimakwaniritsa malamulo azachilengedwe popewa zowonjezera poizoni.
Pomaliza, zokhazikika za PVC zamadzimadzi ndi ufa ndizofunikira kwambiri pochepetsa kuwonongeka kwa PVC, koma mawonekedwe awo osiyana amawapangitsa kukhala oyenera kugwiritsa ntchito zinazake. Mukasankha chokhazikika, tengani njira yonse: yambani ndikufotokozera zomwe mukufuna kupanga PVC ndi zomwe mukufuna pa chinthu chomaliza, kenako fufuzani momwe mungachitire, kutsatira malamulo, ndi mtengo wonse wa umwini. Mwa kuchita izi, mutha kusankha chokhazikika chomwe sichimangoteteza kuwonongeka kwa PVC komanso chimawongolera bwino momwe zinthu zilili komanso chimathandizira kuti zinthu ziyende bwino komanso momwe zinthu zikuyendera bwino.
Nthawi yotumizira: Januwale-26-2026